On a spring evening in 1991, the
late Eazy-E accepted the invitation of Dr. Dre, his fellow member of the
notorious "gangsta" rap group NWA, to come hang with him at a
recording studio in Hollywood not far from where their mutual dream had been
born. Eazy was well aware of Dre's growing dissatisfaction with his share of
their record company's huge profits, but whom could he trust if not the good
doctors? Hadn't they clawed their way out of one of the West Coast's most
nightmarish ghettos side by side? And since he'd bailed him out of jail 'way
back when, after others had refused, hadn't Eazy made his friend richer than
they'd ever dared dream possible?
Once at Galaxy Studios, though,
Eazy wasn't greeted by Dre, but by three huge guys in black who took him into a
dark room and informed him that they were holding his Jewboy manager hostage
outside in a van. They tapped lead pipes in their leather-encased palms. They
revealed gun bulges under their shirts and produced documents they wanted him
to sign, documents that would release Dre from his contractual obligations to
Eazy. They offered him a pen and tapped their lead pipes some more, a little
less patiently. But Easy hadn't prospered selling iello on the streets of the CPT (as the gangs called rock cocaine
and Compton, respectively) by being easily cowed.
It turned out, though, that they
didn't have just his Jewboy manager; but his mama too. And they were going to
get his signature on their documents or kill the bitch.
Gimme the damn pen.
Half a decade before, Hollywood had
been a long drive, an absolutely endless bus ride, and a world away. But with
Reaganomics having wiped out all the youth programs, what better shot at
getting out of Compton did a motherfucker have than cutting a rap record and
hoping that it made him the new LL Cool J? And so, hearing the ads on KDAY,
they swarmed by the carload to a little record pressing plant on Santa Monica
Blvd. where, if he liked a fellow's tape, the old white dude proprietor, Don MacMillan,
would press 500 12-inch singles for him for only $600. MacMillan would send a
couple hundred to his distributors, whose salespeople would take them into
stores and radio stations nationwide, and the kid would get 200 or 300 to take
back to his neighborhood.
Compared to the South Central Los
Angeles environs of his old record company, in which he'd become accustomed to
witnessing shootouts on the way to work, his new stomping grounds impressed Don
MacMillan as relatively tranquil, its gay teenage runaway hustlers and Hispanic
gangs notwithstanding. To the kids from Compton, the squalid sector of
Hollywood in which Macola Records was based must have looked like Shangri-La.
In the decades since George Bush lived there briefly as a fresh-out-of-Yale oil-bit
salesman in the last months of the ‘40s, Compton had turned into a war zone.
Not an inch of its 10 square miles wasn't claimed by at least one of its 40
street gangs; locals observed with a strange sort of pride that if you started
running east on Rosecrans from Central, you could get gatted on -- shot at --
by seven different gangs by the time you reached Atlantic Boulevard less than
two miles away. If you reached it.
At the high schools, 300-pound
football players allowed skinny freshmen gang members to humiliate them at
will, for to fight back would be to dodge bullets on the way home from practice
in the afternoon. And that chirping sound wasn't crickets, but the beepers that
summoned kids from class to close drug deals. By day, children were cut down by
errant Crips, Bloods, and Pirus bullets on their schools' front lawns. And at
night, the city really got dangerous, as the crackheads who'd been sold
macadamia nuts rolled in Anbesol flew into rages and reached for their own
gats.
Don McMillan was struck by how a
lot of the kids who hung out in the lobby of his pressing plant seemed slightly
in awe of little Eric Wright, who called himself Eazy-E. Maybe it was that he
was so bright. Or maybe it was the breadth of his ambition. As a product of Compton's
infamous public school system, he had absolutely no idea where anything was --
where San Francisco was, or Seattle -- but he still openly aspired to presiding
over his own recording empire.
Back in the 'hood, though, Eazy
inspired considerably less admiration than in Macola's lobby. While it was
known that he'd use his fists if he had to, it was equally well known that his
girlfriend Joyce kept him on a very short leash, and wasn't averse to walloping
him upside the head with a GI Joe lunchbox if, for instance, he neglected to
beep her for too long at a stretch.
It was even more widely known that
the reason he seemed always to have money in his socks was that he was a dope
man. While a lot of Comptonites viewed drugs in general as a blight, who could come
down that hard on an individual kid who retailed a little chronic or stress or
even iello to make a buck or two? How
else was a teenaged father supposed to be able to give his girlfriend money to
buy his babies food or get decent speakers in his ride, by working at
motherfucking McDonald's? And if he didn't sell the shit, somebody else surely
would. And wasn't it a whole lot better than killing for money, as some boys in
the 'hood were known to?
In the spring of 1986, Macola
released Eazy's "Boyz-N-the-Hood," an orgy of "gangsta"
(that is, gang member) posturing written by a zealously malignant local
teenager who called himself Ice Cube. Eazy's performance was almost comically
inept -- his inflection childish, his rhythm shaky -- and at first it seemed as
though the record might stiff. Promoting it, MacMillan's men didn't even
approach radio at first, but instead hired a few brothers to tape posters up in
the ghetto and hand out free cassettes on Crenshaw Blvd., on which the young
studs of South Central liked to drive back and forth glowering on a Saturday
night in their 1964 Chevies, demonstrating their ability to survive bass levels
that would have killed less manly men.
At first, one could buy the record
only at the daily Compton Swap Meet in the old Sears building on Long Beach
Blvd., and in none of the big chain stores. But then the white kids of the San
Fernando Valley discovered it, and it began to fly out of the Wherehouse in
mostly white, suburban Northridge, out of Tower in mostly white, suburban
Encino. It took fully eight months before the record finally took off
nationally, but when it did, it was to the tune of 200,000 copies sold.
The bad news for Eric being that he
had now to perform, the prospect of which scared him shitless. It was one thing
to deal iello on the streets of
Compton, apparently, and a similar one to cow the other boys in the lobby at
Macola Records, but quite another to get up on stage in front of people.
Seemingly to insulate himself, he assembled a "posse" that included Andre
Young -- nicknamed Dr. Dre because he idolized the Philadelphia 76ers' Dr. J.
Formerly one of the most bashful boys in the CPT (if the father of five
children by three different girlfriends by age 23), Dre had turned down a
drafting job at Northrop Aviation (no damn McDonald's for Dre!) in favor of
club disk jockeying.
Converting dope money into
turntables, the entrepreneurial Eazy had hired him to DJ at birthday parties
for $30 a night. But it was as a member of the World Class Wreckin' Cru that
Dre had gained his greatest local notoriety. Suave seducers who rapped
seductively over techno music and moved in unison like the Temptations, the Cru
posed for their Macola album cover in makeup and much purple, Dre in a white
sequined bodysuit and the expression of one suspecting that he might be making
a grievous mistake.
Behold, though, how passionately
the Cru was loved in even the Spanish-speaking parts of the ghetto. "One
night me and Dre were riding around," Cru kingpin Lonzo Williams
remembers, "when a Mexican in a Pinto hit the back of my car and broke
these bands that hold the muffler on. I jump out talking shit. These ten cats
along the wall drinking beer stand up when they see a black guy stepping to an
older Mexican guy. Dre's sitting in the car scared shitless.
"When they see his Wreckin'
Cru jacket, the Mexicans say, 'Hey, man, where'd you get that from?' He says,
'I'm Dr. Dre, man.' I'm in hardcore mini-Tijuana talking shit to drunk
Mexicans, and I'm supposed to get my ass whupped. Instead, we have to sit there
and drink beer and kick with them for about 20 minutes while they fix my
muffler!"
Lonzo, in whose studio Dre's
stepfather gave everyone in the Cru's circle karate lessons after Ice Cube was
beaten up at Washington High, was like Dre's big brother. "I bought him a
car, which eventually went to the impound because he had a very bad habit of
never paying his tickets; at one time he had $500 worth. I bailed him out of
jail, but two months later, he had another stack of warrants. Wreckin' Cru
wasn't working and money was getting tight; Dre was spending all of his on
tennis shoes and motel rooms. So I told him, 'Look, I'll go half with somebody,
but I can't afford to keep doing this.' Which was where Eazy stepped in with
his drug money."
It was Eazy who named his posse
NWA, but the old white dude Don MacMillan who figured out what the letters
stood for. "I was in a meeting with a bunch of other black guys when he
came in and said he wanted NWA on the record. He told me he saw it on a sign --
I think it might have been for Northwest Airlines or something -- and that it
looked real good. I started laughing. He said, 'What are you laughing at?' I
said, 'I figured it meant Niggers With an Attitude.' A minute later I thought,
'Oh, shit, what have I said?' But they all laughed."
Realizing in time that everyone
stood to come out ahead if his young customers were guided by experienced
management, MacMillan invited the participation of another old white dude, a
key early patron of white Chicago blues and the overseer turned owner of the
record company for which MacMillan had worked in South Central. Morey
Alexander, the very picture of a cigar-chomping, tsouris-exuding music biz sharpie, in turn phoned the middleaged
Jewish music biz veteran who'd booked the harmonica virtuoso Charlie
Musselwhite for him thousands of years before, back near the beginning of both
their careers.
Jerry Heller had been Creedence
Clearwater Revival's agent in the late 60s, but hadn't gotten rich until the
early 70s, when he represented most of David Geffen's biggest
singer-songwriters. He helped launch Elton John in America and booked the tours
that established Pink Floyd, drank prodigious amounts of cognac, snorted
prodigious amounts of blow, and seduced prodigious numbers of starlets. By
decade's end, he'd lost his credibility after representing a bunch of L.A.
skinny tie acts on which everyone lost his shirt. By and by, the poor devil had
resigned himself "to being an also-ran the rest of my life, to living in a
condo and making $200,000 a year." Which rankled painfully, since
"I'm actually one of the brightest guys I've ever met."
Having dutifully idolized John
Kennedy while pursuing his MBA at USC, this son of Cleveland's most fashionable
suburb somehow wasn't appalled by the young Comptonites' apparent sociopathy,
by their hatred of women and avowed penchant for violence. Indeed, he managed
to convince himself that it was the most important music he'd heard since 1965.
Conversely, the boys from the 'hood
didn't mind Heller's being old (over 40), Jewish, and white. Far from it, in
fact, for wasn't a white boy manager exactly what a motherfucker needed really
to get over? And it wasn't brothers one saw representing all the top athletes,
the ones with shoes named in their honor, after all, but Jewboys. Whatever you
had to give up was worth it -- 20 percent of a fortune was still apt to buy a
closetful of Air Jordans! Back in the hood, word got around that Eazy, knowing
that he ought to bring something to the table, gave up a paper bag containing
$40,000 at the meeting where he asked Heller to help him realize his dreams of
empire.
Thinking more like the owner of a
pressing plant than a great impresario, believing rap to be only a fad, Don
MacMillan hadn't contractually tied up any of his unlikely new stars. Noticing
which, his lieutenant Chuck Fassert -- decades earlier the composer and lead
singer of the Regents' "Barbara Ann" -- resolved to form his own
label to distribute Eazy's coterie's stuff, and agreed with Heller on a deal
for the NWA and the Posse album for $50,000 -- and a $13,000 Rolex wristwatch
for Eric. But while Fassert was on the road getting the money from his
distributors, Heller jilted him. START
The creation of a pair of escapees
from K-Tel, of late-night TV hucksterism infamy, Priority Records was in a
position to double Fassert's bid as a result of having recently sold a million
and a half California Raisins albums. And Eazy and his homies, hard core
gangsta niggaz though they loudly proclaimed themselves to be, continued to be
managed, recorded, promoted, and distributed entirely by old white dudes --
most of them with surprising connections and backgrounds. The uncle of John
Phillips, who distributed NWA's records in the South, had discovered Elvis and
founded Sun Records. Recording engineer Donovan Smith, who paled noticeably
when Dre ensured that the bass was loud enough to rattle a six-four's
windshield, was a lapsed surfer, Priority kingpin Bryan Turner a Winnipeg-born
hockey fanatic.
The old white dudes behind the
group soon saw much, much green. Eazy-Duz-It, his 1988 full-length debut, sold
two million. So did NWA's Straight Out of Compton, whose tone Ice Cube set by
warning that he"should never [have] been let out of the
penitentiary," owing to his Charles Manson-ish criminal record. Never mind
that he'd recently been an architecture student at college in Arizona, and
before that, thanks to bussing, a senior at a salubrious suburban San Fernando
Valley high school.
The fearsomeness about which Cube and
his homies bragged was strangely at odds with the album's thank-you list, which
started with God and "our mothers and fathers." Asked how his nurse
mother (presumably neither a bitch nor a [w]ho[re], unlike any woman on their
record) felt about NWA's records, the obtuse, personable DJ Yella would
confide, "It didn't bother her; she never listened to them. It was making
money. Anything we said been said before. Everybody says bad words here and
there."
As though the group's vocabulary,
rather than its ugly nihilism, were the issue! "To me," Eazy
unashamedly confided on Duz-It, "girls are female dogs." In the world
NWA's records described, all men were amoral brutes who "think with
[their] dingaling[s]," self-loathing thugs who reveled in getting drunk
and murdering one another. Had virulent white supremacists ghostwritten their
stuff for them, who'd have been able to tell the difference?
But who could be concerned about
ugly nihilism in the face of the revenues the group was generating? "All
of a sudden," Heller was heard to rhapsodize, "these kids had come
out of nowhere and made me important and rich again. I'm living in a mansion
and driving big cars, doing all the things that I'd resigned myself never to
doing anymore."
Experts agreed that the Real Niggaz'
audience consisted substantially of white suburban teens who bought their
records to experience danger vicariously. While white kids loved hearing
self-described niggers threatening one another, though, at least one hip-hop
journal observed that NWA had relatively few fans in the ghetto. Indeed, back
in the hood, NWA's success inspired much disdainful grumbling. Eazy's former
homeboys called him a gimmick, and said that if he were six feet tall -- that
is, not impish -- he'd never have captured the public fancy. Motherfucker
couldn't rap a damn Christmas present! They bitterly decried his having
imported extras from neighborhoods other than the CPT for his videos, and this
after they'd sold his damn tapes for him out of the trunks of their cars! His own
little sister and his cousin Chris were both said to think him a dog.
The FBI didn't care for him either.
Getting an earful of Outta Compton, its assistant director of public affairs
sent Priority an indignant letter astutely observing that "Fuck Tha Police"
"encourages...disrespect for the law enforcement officer." Your tax
dollars at work! Not to be outdone, the Fraternal Order of Police voted not to
provide security at NWA concerts.
The group's 40-date national tour
in mid-1989, during which Eazy wore a bulletproof vest on stage in spite of 80
percent white audiences (white kids love this shit!), was nonetheless without
tragic incident — except for the group being torn apart from within. "Eazy
calls me from their hotel in Columbus, Ohio, to tell me they're having a fight
about their white cocksucker manager," Heller relates proudly. "Ice
Cube says, 'It's either him or me.' If Eazy lets him play his little
black/white game, there's no more Ruthless Records [as Eazy had christened his
empire]. But he tells him, 'NWA is me, Dre, Yella...and Jerry Heller; here's
your plane ticket home.'"
Maybe, as Heller speculated, it was
that the eternally scowling Cube couldn't endure being only the second most
charismatic member of the group, after Eazy. Or maybe, as Eazy himself
speculates, it was that NWA's ambitious publicist, Pat Charbonnet, had begun
trying to sell the group on the idea that "we should do these side deals
somewhere else. She couldn't get me to do it, so she went to Ice Cube. She went
from being a publicist to being Ice Cube's manager. Now she's running his
record company. That's good for her, but I don't know if it's good for
him."
Back in Compton, there'd been
widespread amazement at Dre's new image. "Dre never gangbanged a day in
his life," according to Wreckin' Cru's Lonzo Williams. "When we had
fights, he was the last person to do any swinging. We had several situations
when all we needed was man-power. But when me and [Cru rapper] Cli-N-Tel and
the rest of the fellows would be out there, Dre was like, 'Hey, I got to mix
these records.' It would take a hell of a lot to convince me that he's really
the person he's claiming to be."
Said hell of a lot presumably being
something other than what Dee Barnes, the petite host of Fox-TV's Pump It Up,
alleges happened at West Hollywood's Speakeasy club on a late January evening
in 1991. While his bodyguard kept might-have-been intervenors at bay, the good
doctor yanked Barnes off the ground by her hair and ear and slammed her against
a wall. Tiring of which, he tried to throw her down a flight of stairs, but
lost his grip. When she fell, he kicked her in the ribs and stomped on her
hand. She ran into the ladies' room, but he was right behind her, punching her
in the back of the head.
Not, it was crucial to understand,
that he hadn't been abundantly pro-voked. A couple of months earlier, Pump It
Up had inserted a segment featuring Yo-Yo, Ice Cube's sweetheart, into a
program otherwise spotl-ighting NWA. Feeling his oats as a result of the
platinum success of hisAmeriKKKa's Most Wanted album and his extraordinary
performance in Boyz N the Hood - The Movie, Cube had eagerly seized the
opportunity to express his great distaste for his former colleagues.
"Somebody fucks with me,"
the once-slender, ever-heftier Dre explained of his manhandling of the
105-pound Barnes, "I'm going to fuck with them." After failing to get
him to agree to write and produce four tracks for her Body and Soul album without credit, Barnes filed a $22.7 million
lawsuit against both Dre and those of his colleagues in NWA who assured the
press that she'd gotten only what she'd had coming. Bitches not being shit and
all.
So Dre's life had come to imitating
his art, or at least that of his gigantic new mentor Marion (Suge) Knight, who,
since failing to set the National Football League afire, had become one of the
most dreaded goons in Los Angeles black music circles, the "nasty
motherfucker" in whose honor one-time NWA co-manager Morey Alexander keeps
a loaded pistol in his desk drawer.
Terror, thy nickname is Suge. Not
only violent, Suge also seemed a little crazy, and was absolutely implacable.
At a benefit for a South Central charity organization at the Hollywood
Palladium, for instance, he decided that he wouldn't let his artist, Michel le,
go on until she was paid. Never mind that, because the whole thing was for
charity, nobody was being paid, not Another Bad Creation, not even Boyz II Men.
It took a while, but the KDAY DJ who was hosting the event finally made Suge
understand.
A few days later, though, when he
encountered the DJ in a restaurant, Suge got right back in his face -- in front
of the guy's family and a whole restaurant-ful of comparably horrified diners.
Pushing him against a wall, Suge loudly warned, "This is going to be the last
time I [ask] you [for the money]," presumably in the same tone in which
he'd advised Morey, "You could be dead too," when Morey tried to
intervene in a dispute between Suge and Jerry Heller. It later came out that
Michelle had gotten herself a black eye for going on stage without Suge's
authorization.
NWA's second full-length album,
Efile4zaggin, included a song soliciting calls to the group's 900 number and a
coupon with which one could order official Niggaz 4 Life T-shirts and posters,
and thus was remarkable for its brazen exploitiveness. It was far more
remarkable, though, for its blood-curdling misogyny. "Fellows, next time
they try totell a lie that they never sucked a dick," the rapper Ren urges
at one point, "punch the bitch in the eye. And then the ho will fall to
the ground. Then you open up her mouth, put your dick in and move the shit
around. And she'll catch on and start doin' it on her own."
Elsewhere, explaining with
jaw-dropping candor why he refers to himself as a nigger, Dre brags about
"gettin' paid to say this shit here, makin' more in a week than a doctor
makes in a year." In "Message to B.A.," he advises the faithless
Cube that "when we see your ass, we're gonna cut your hair off and fuck
you with a broomstick," if not put "a motherfucking bullet in your
forehead." White folks loved this shit; Efile4zaggin debuted at No. 2 and
supplanted Paula Abdul's Spellbound at No. 1 a week later.
On his own next album, the platinum
Death Certificate, Cube got right into the spirit of the thing, calling for
"a bullet in the temple" of the white Jew "devil" Heller --
this when he wasn't busy vilifying gays and Koreans and threatening the latter
with arson. White folks loved this shit, but a nationwide boycott by 3000 Asian
grocers forced the makers of St. Ides (the malt liquor that hoped to supplant
Olde English 800 as the ghetto's cheap intoxicant of choice) to rescind its TV
and radio spots starring the community-minded Cube.
In England, Efile4zaggin inspired
talk of toughening the Obscene Publications Act. Even the mad Irish chanteuse
Sinead O'Connor fled the shrinking ranks of NWA's apologists. Life was good.
But here came the rift that tore NWA apart for keeps, as it dawned on Dre --
scrupulously oblivious to business since his Wreckin' Cru days -- that Eazy
seemed to be getting a great deal richer than he even though Dre had understood
them to be 50/50 partners.
According to Heller, no less than
the music business colossus Sony was in the forefront of the conspiracy to turn
Dre against Eazy. "They told him the kinds of things that these guys have
historically told young black artists with white managers. He's not very
bright, and when they offered him $15 million to leave us and go with them, he
was ready to forsake his friends and his roots and morals."
Within 24 hours of the Night of the
Leather-Gloved Thugs -- of Dre being released from his Ruthless contracts and
Eazy's mama's not being killed -- Heller's lawyers had filed a state court
action to invalidate Dre's liberation on the ground that Eazy had acceded to it
only under supreme duress. Heller further hired a couple of RICO
(racketeer-influenced corrupt organization) aces to file a $248 million lawsuit
against Suge and Dre and friends, corporate and other. Eazy cackled, "Dre
now works for a bodyguard that used to work for him for like $75 a night,"
and someone broke into Heller's home in the gated west San Fernando Valley
estate in which he, Eazy, and Dre all lived like robber barons to spraypaint
"Payback's a motherfucker, Jerry" on the mirrored closet doors in one
of his bedrooms. And thus did the ghetto come to Calabasas.
It was painful to wonder how many
Reaganomics-ruined youth prog-rams could be restored in Compton for the fortune
Heller and Eazy reconciled themselves to spending on Suge-sized bodyguards of
their own each month. The most painful part being that, like Eazy's friendship
with one of the LAPD defendants in the Rodney King case, the bodyguards might
have been all for show, since Eazy, Dre, Ice Cube, and Ren were seen hanging
out happily in different combinations at Roscoe's House of Chicken and Waffles
in Hollywood. Could it be that their promises to sodomize one another with
broomsticks without the benefit of lubricants constituted one of the most
egregiously cynical publicity ploys in the history ofAmerican entertainment?
Once their individual careers died
down a little bit, friends speculated, you'd read about the forthcoming release
of a third NWA album. Not that there was much sign of any of their careers
dying down. Ren's characteristically conciliatory Kizz My Black Azz EP reached
No. 12, and was in the charts for 13 weeks. Just in time to make the season
bright, Ice Cube's wantonly spiteful The Predator entered the charts at No. 1
in De-cember 1992. And Dre's comparably malevolent The Chronic, released a
couple of months later, was still in the Top 5 six months after release, with
sales exceeding two million.
White folks continued to love to
hear self-described niggers threatening one another.
Back in the CPT, though, nothing
much seemed to have changed. Bored, jobless, and without prospects, the boys in
the hood still guzzled 8-Ball on street corners and talked a lot of bullshit
about how they would somehow claw their way out of the ghetto too. But you
never heard one say he wanted to do it Dre's way. His shameless fronting, that
gat-in-your-mouth shit of his! When push came to shove, it had turned out to be
rich white Century City lawyers like John Branca, formerly Michael Jackson's
main man, who fought Dre's battles for him.
Here he was in the Top 10 and on
MTV talking homeboy this and homeboy that, and he hadn't done shit for his
homeboys, hadn't even hired one of his uncles to work for him. And right around
the corner from where his grandmother still lived, boys were still selling iello to put a few bucks in their
pockets.
There'd been a time, not so many
years before, when they'd have done anything for the brother, would have taken
a bullet for him. And now, they agreed, if Dre ever again dared to show his face
in the hood, they'd steal his jewelry.
Or maybe put a bullet in the
motherfucker themselves.